Katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo, Tom Knight, anati, "Zaka za m'ma 2000 zidzakhala zaka za sayansi ya zamoyo." Iye ndi m'modzi mwa oyambitsa sayansi ya zamoyo komanso m'modzi mwa oyambitsa asanu a Ginkgo Bioworks, kampani yotchuka kwambiri mu sayansi ya zamoyo. Kampaniyo idalembedwa pa New York Stock Exchange pa Seputembala 18, ndipo mtengo wake unafika US $15 biliyoni.
Zofufuza za Tom Knight zasintha kuchoka pa kompyuta kupita ku sayansi ya zamoyo. Kuyambira ali kusukulu ya sekondale, adagwiritsa ntchito tchuthi cha chilimwe kuphunzira makompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ku MIT, kenako adaphunziranso digiri yake ya digiri yoyamba ndi digiri yoyamba ku MIT.
Tom Knight Atazindikira kuti lamulo la Moore linaneneratu malire a momwe anthu angagwiritsire ntchito maatomu a silicon, anayang'ana kwambiri zamoyo. "Tikufuna njira ina yoikira maatomu pamalo oyenera... Kodi chemistry yovuta kwambiri ndi iti? Ndi biochemistry. Ndikuganiza kuti mungagwiritse ntchito ma biomolecule, monga mapuloteni, omwe amatha kudzisonkhanitsa okha ndikusonkhana mkati mwa mulingo womwe mukufuna. crystallization."
Kugwiritsa ntchito kuganiza kwaukadaulo kochuluka komanso kolondola popanga zinthu zoyambirira zamoyo kwakhala njira yatsopano yofufuzira. Biology yopangidwa ndi zinthu ili ngati kulumpha kwakukulu mu chidziwitso cha anthu. Monga gawo la uinjiniya, sayansi ya makompyuta, biology, ndi zina zotero, chaka choyambira cha biology yopangidwa ndi zinthu chakhazikitsidwa ngati 2000.
Mu maphunziro awiri omwe adafalitsidwa chaka chino, lingaliro la kapangidwe ka dera la akatswiri a zamoyo lakwaniritsa kulamulira kwa majini.
Asayansi ku Yunivesite ya Boston adapanga chosinthira cha Gene mu E. coli. Chitsanzochi chimagwiritsa ntchito ma module awiri okha a majini. Mwa kuwongolera zinthu zakunja, mawonekedwe a majini amatha kuyatsidwa kapena kuzimitsidwa.
Mu chaka chomwecho, asayansi ku Princeton University adagwiritsa ntchito ma module atatu a majini kuti akwaniritse kutulutsa kwa "kugwedezeka" mu chizindikiro cha dera pogwiritsa ntchito kuletsa kogwirizana ndi kumasula kuletsa pakati pawo.
Chithunzi cha kusintha kwa majini
Msonkhano wa Maselo
Pa msonkhanowo, ndinamva anthu akunena za "nyama yopangidwa."
Potsatira chitsanzo cha msonkhano wa pakompyuta, "msonkhano wodzipangira wokha wa unconference" wolankhulana kwaulere, anthu ena amamwa mowa ndi kucheza: Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zopambana zomwe zilipo mu "Synthetic Biology"? Winawake adatchula "nyama yopangidwa" pansi pa Impossible Food.
Kampani ya Impossible Food sinadzitchulepo kuti ndi kampani ya "synthetic biology", koma mfundo yaikulu yogulitsa yomwe imasiyanitsa ndi zinthu zina zopangira nyama - hemoglobin yomwe imapangitsa nyama yamasamba kununkhira "nyama" yapadera imachokera ku kampaniyi zaka 20 zapitazo. Ya madera atsopano.
Ukadaulo womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kosavuta kwa majini kuti yisiti ipange "hemoglobin." Pogwiritsa ntchito mawu a sayansi yopangidwa, yisiti imakhala "fakitale ya maselo" yomwe imapanga zinthu motsatira zomwe anthu akufuna.
N’chiyani chimapangitsa nyama kukhala yofiira kwambiri komanso yokhala ndi fungo lapadera ikakoma? Chakudya Chosatheka chimaonedwa kuti ndi "hemoglobin" wolemera mu nyama. Hemoglobin imapezeka mu zakudya zosiyanasiyana, koma kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kwakukulu mu minofu ya nyama.
Chifukwa chake, hemoglobin inasankhidwa ndi woyambitsa kampaniyo komanso katswiri wa biochemist Patrick O. Brown ngati "chokometsera chofunikira" choyesera nyama ya nyama. Pochotsa "zokometsera" izi kuchokera ku zomera, Brown anasankha soya zomwe zili ndi hemoglobin yambiri m'mizu yawo.
Njira yachikhalidwe yopangira imafuna kuchotsa mwachindunji "hemoglobin" kuchokera ku mizu ya soya. Kilogalamu imodzi ya "hemoglobin" imafuna maekala 6 a soya. Kuchotsa zomera kumadula, ndipo Impossible Food yapanga njira yatsopano: kuyika jini yomwe ingaphatikize hemoglobin mu yisiti, ndipo pamene yisiti ikukula ndikuberekana, hemoglobin idzakula. Pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo, izi zili ngati kulola tsekwe kuyikira mazira pamlingo wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Heme, yomwe imachokera ku zomera, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma burger "opangidwa ndi nyama"
Ukadaulo watsopano umawonjezera mphamvu yopangira zinthu pamene ukuchepetsa zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala. Popeza zinthu zazikulu zopangira zinthu ndi yisiti, shuga, ndi mchere, palibe mankhwala ambiri otayika. Kuganizira izi, uwu ndi ukadaulo womwe "umapangitsa tsogolo kukhala labwino".
Anthu akamalankhula za ukadaulo uwu, ndimaganiza kuti uwu ndi ukadaulo wosavuta. M'maso mwawo, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingapangidwe kuchokera pamlingo wa majini mwanjira iyi. Mapulasitiki owonongeka, zonunkhira, mankhwala atsopano ndi katemera, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito carbon dioxide popanga starch ... Ndinayamba kukhala ndi malingaliro enieni okhudza kuthekera komwe kumabwera ndi sayansi ya zamoyo.
Werengani, lembani, ndikusintha majini
DNA imanyamula chidziwitso chonse cha moyo kuchokera ku gwero, ndipo ndi gwero la zinthu zambirimbiri za moyo.
Masiku ano, anthu amatha kuwerenga mosavuta DNA sequence ndi kupanga DNA sequence malinga ndi kapangidwe kake. Pamsonkhanowu, ndinamva anthu akulankhula za ukadaulo wa CRISPR womwe unapambana Mphoto ya Nobel mu Chemistry ya 2020 kangapo. Ukadaulo uwu, wotchedwa "Genetic Magic Scissor", ukhoza kupeza ndikudula DNA molondola, potero kusintha majini.
Kutengera ndi ukadaulo wosintha majini uwu, makampani ambiri oyambitsa zinthu zatsopano atulukira. Ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi pochiza matenda ovuta monga khansa ndi matenda a majini, ndipo ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi polima ziwalo zoti anthu azitha kuziika m'thupi lawo ndikuzindikira matenda.
Ukadaulo wosintha majini walowa mu ntchito zamalonda mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti anthu amaona mwayi waukulu wa sayansi ya zamoyo. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chitukuko cha sayansi ya zamoyo, kuwerenga, kupanga, ndi kusintha kwa majini atakula, gawo lotsatira ndi kupanga mwachibadwa kuchokera pamlingo wa majini kuti apange zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zosowa za anthu. Ukadaulo wa sayansi ya zamoyo wopangidwa ungamvekenso ngati gawo lotsatira pakukula kwa sayansi ya zamoyo.
Asayansi awiri Emmanuelle Charpentier ndi Jennifer A. Doudna ndipo adapambana Mphoto ya Nobel ya 2020 mu Chemistry chifukwa cha ukadaulo wa CRISPR.
"Anthu ambiri akhala akuganizira kwambiri tanthauzo la sayansi ya zamoyo zopangidwa ... Kusagwirizana kumeneku kwachitika pakati pa uinjiniya ndi sayansi ya zamoyo. Ndikuganiza kuti chilichonse chomwe chimachokera pa izi chayamba kutchedwa sayansi ya zamoyo zopangidwa," adatero Tom Knight.
Powonjezera nthawi, kuyambira pachiyambi cha chikhalidwe cha alimi, anthu ayesa ndi kusunga makhalidwe a nyama ndi zomera zomwe akufuna kudzera mu kuswana ndi kusankha mitundu yayitali. Biology yopangidwa imayamba mwachindunji kuchokera pamlingo wa majini kuti ipange makhalidwe omwe anthu amafuna. Pakadali pano, asayansi agwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa CRISPR kulima mpunga mu labotale.
Mmodzi mwa okonza msonkhanowu, Woyambitsa Qiji, Lu Qi, adati mu kanema wotsegulira kuti biotechnology ikhoza kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu padziko lonse lapansi monga momwe zinalili kale pa intaneti. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti ma CEO onse a pa intaneti adawonetsa chidwi ndi sayansi ya moyo pamene adasiya ntchito.
Anthu akuluakulu pa intaneti akumvetsera. Kodi njira ya bizinesi ya sayansi ya moyo ikubwera?
Tom Knight (woyamba kuchokera kumanzere) ndi ena anayi omwe adayambitsa Ginkgo Bioworks | Ginkgo Bioworks
Pa nthawi ya nkhomaliro, ndinamva nkhani: Unilever inanena pa Seputembala 2 kuti idzayika ndalama zokwana mayuro 1 biliyoni kuti ithetse kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyeretsedwa m'zinthu zoyera pofika chaka cha 2030.
Mkati mwa zaka 10, sopo wochapira zovala, ufa wochapira, ndi sopo wopangidwa ndi Procter & Gamble pang'onopang'ono adzayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira zomera kapena ukadaulo wosunga mpweya. Kampaniyo idayikanso ndalama zina zokwana mayuro 1 biliyoni kuti ikhazikitse thumba lothandizira kafukufuku wa sayansi ya zamoyo, mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi ukadaulo wina wochepetsera mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide.
Anthu omwe anandiuza nkhaniyi, monga ine amene ndinamva nkhaniyi, anadabwa pang'ono ndi nthawi yosakwana zaka 10: Kodi kafukufuku wa ukadaulo ndi chitukuko cha kupanga zinthu zambiri zidzakwaniritsidwa posachedwa chonchi?
Koma ndikuyembekeza kuti zidzachitikadi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Disembala 31-2021